ABSTRACT
Many zoonotic diseases are found in wild animals and present a serious risk to human health, in particularly the virus carried by birds flying freely around the world is hard to control. There are three main bird migration routes which cover the most areas of China. It is important to investigate and fully understand the types of avian transmitted diseases in key areas on the bird migration routines and its impacts on both birds and human health. However, no literature is available in how about the risk of virus carried by migrating birds, and how to predict and reduce this risk of virus spreading to human being so far. In this paper, we first reviewed the main pathogen types carried by birds, including coronaviruses, influenza viruses, parasites, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), etc., and then discussed the spread risk of avian viruses to human being and animals in key areas of biosafety prevention. We also analyzed and discussed the risk of cross-spread of diseases among different bird species in nature reserves located on bird migration routes which provide sufficient food sources for migratory birds and attract numerous birds. Diseases transmitted by wild birds pose a serious threat to poultry farms, where high density of poultry may become avian influenza virus (AIV) reservoirs, cause a risk of avian influenza outbreaks. Airports are mostly built in suburban areas or remote areas with good ecological environment. There are important transit places for bird migration and densely populated areas, which have serious risk of disease transmission. Finally, this paper puts forward the following prevention suggestions from three aspects. First, establish and improve the monitoring and prediction mechanism of migratory birds, and use laser technology to prevent contact between wild birds and poultry. Second, examine and identify virus types carried by birds in their habitats and carry out vaccination. Third, protect the ecological environment of bird habitat, and keep wild birds in their natural habitat, so as to reduce the contact between wild birds and human and poultry, and thus reduce the risk of virus transmission.
ABSTRACT
The Indian poultry market is estimated to have an annual growth rate of 8.1% as of today. However, infectious diseases in poultry pose an important constraint in the growth and development of this sector in our region. Among infectious diseases, viral diseases of poultry pose a serious threat to the poultry industry from an economic point of view. Several viral disease outbreaks have been reported by various researchers from different parts of the country. Among the common viral diseases of poultry, incidences of Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza, Fowl Pox, Infectious Bursal Disease, Marek's disease, Infectious Bronchitis, Infectious Laryngotracheitis and Inclusion Body Hepatitis are significant in Assam as well as other parts of India. Thorough epidemiological studies followed by the identification of different serotypes, pathotypes, strains, etc. by genotyping and molecular characterization of viral disease pathogens may lead to ways to control and eradicate the diseases. Importance should be given to maintaining basic preventive measures like biosecurity, farm hygiene, and proper vaccination. In a developing country like India, disease outbreaks can impact the country's economy. In this study, a brief view of the common viral disease of poultry and its diagnosis and control strategies in Assam, India is depicted. However, this review well indicates a plethora of avian diseases that have occurred over the years causing a severe impact on poultry farming as a whole.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To explore a new method for detecting respiratory viruses by extracting residual virus on mask, and verify its reliability and sensitivity. METHODS: The novel coronavirus analogs-s La Sota strains of chicken Newcastle disease virus and H120 strains of infectious bronchitis virus with different diluted concentrations were sprayed onto surgical masks and N95 masks through a respiratory simulator, and they were left standing at room temperature for 2 hours and 12 hours, respectively. The cDNA and its amplification cycle(CT) values of the nucleoocapsid protein(N) of chicken Newcastle disease virus and the nucleoprotein(NP) genes of infectious bronchitis virus were detected by ordinary polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR). The minimum detectable virus concentration and viral content in masks under different retention times were compared. RESULTS: The gene bands of the Newcastle disease virus La Sota strains and the infectious bronchitis virus H120 strains were detected on the masks stored for different times, and the total RNA of the virus had good amplification curves in the range of 10 pg-10 ng. The mean CT values of N gene and NP gene of the residual virus on the general medical surgical mask and N95 masks placed for 2 h were 22.547+or-0.342,23.698+or-0.501 and 22.855+or-0.308,24.036+or-0.338, respectively. However, only part of them could be detected after 12 h. respectively, and there was no significant difference in CT values between the two masks during the same period of time(P2 h=0.452, P12 h=0.355). The minimum detectable concentration of virus in the masks was 1:800, and the number of residual viruses on the mask that can be detected was 6.75x10~3. CONCLUSION: The method of screening coronavirus by detecting virus residues on masks within 2 hours was feasible and suitable for medical surgical masks and N95 masks, which can be used for preliminary screening of respiratory viruses.
ABSTRACT
Air pollution in the environment in which poultry is raised is one of the most serious problems facing the poultry sector across various aspects of production. Perhaps the most dangerous gas emitted from poultry houses is ammonia. The high concentrations of this gas in the air above the permissible limits (15 ppm) will have disastrous consequences. Ammonia directly affects the health and safety of birds, as it is a cause of ammonia blindness in birds accompanied by many respiratory diseases that destroy production and increase breeding costs. In addition, high concentrations of ammonia (above 20 ppm) contribute to enhancing the infection of birds with Newcastle and the bronchitis virus. In general, the greenhouse gases emitted from poultry houses included four main gases (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide). Studies regarding their direct effects on the health and productivity of birds have been insufficient. In the direct form, as the concentrations of greenhouse gases rise to very high limits, they cause suffocation and death., the behaviour of the greenhouse gases in the indirect effect is reflected being a source of nutritional stress and a group of diseases and parasites which lead to a decrease in productivity levels. The intensity and concentrations of gas emissions are directly related to many factors such as geographic location, the season of the year, ventilation technologies, humidity, litter quality, nutritional status and stocking density. The advances in ventilation technologies have played a key role in expelling all harmful gases, especially those that depend on negative pressure. However, greenhouse gases remain a real threat to the poultry industry in particular and to the planet's environment in general.
ABSTRACT
Broiler population is one of the most important segments of livestock due to its significant contribution in white meat production. Infectious disease outbreaks adversely influence the production potential and consequently cause economic losses. Epidemiological data regarding magnitude of these disease outbreaks is of fundamental importance for planning of a comprehensive control strategy. With retrospective design, this study was conducted from January 2013 through December 2017 in order to assess the disease burden on broilers reared in different open type poultry houses. Out of total 658 commercial farms with capacity of 4221800 broilers, across Chakwal, a representative sample of 70 farms with capacity of 448000 broilers was randomly selected for collection and analysis of disease data. Five years' data of these randomly selected farms revealed highest (44.64%) crude morbidity during monsoon season followed by 23.92%, 22.12% and 17.49% for winter, spring and post-monsoon seasons respectively. The highest (14.90%) prevalence was recorded for new castle disease followed by infectious bursal disease (11.79%), pullorum disease (11.17%), colibacillosis (8.71%), infectious bronchitis (7.87%), inclusion body hepatitis (7.79%), chronic respiratory disease (7.67%), necrotic enteritis (6.48%), coccidiosis (6.09%), mycotoxicosis (5.43%), fowl cholera (4.74%), infectious coryza (4.41%), fowl typhoid (4.22%), omphalitis (3.71%) and hydropericardium syndrome (0.05%). Maximum share in crude morbidity was contributed by bacterial diseases with highest proportional morbidity of 48.68% followed by viral (40.32%), parasitic (5.80%) and fungal (5.20%) diseases. This epidemiological data represents true picture of study population and is a valuable tool for planning of prevention strategy and research priorities.
ABSTRACT
The informal poultry and pig sector in the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) of South Africa is of significant socio-economic importance as it sustains livelihoods and ensures food security;yet little is known about the distribution and prevalence of infectious and zoonotic diseases in this region. This paper reviews data published for pig and poultry diseases in the province during the last 20 years (2000-2020). The review included relevant published papers identified by a computerised literature search from Web of Science;provincial animal health reports;the national database from the Department of Agriculture, Land Reform and Rural Development (DALRRD);animal health reports submitted by DALRRD to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) via the World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID) interface and laboratory records. A publication was considered eligible if it included qualitative or quantitative information on any disease affecting pigs and poultry including zoonosis. The search retrieved 174 publications, of which 26 were relevant. The review found that Newcastle disease (ND), coccidiosis and fowl pox (FP) were the most reported avian diseases in the national database, whereas avian infectious bronchitis (AIB), ND and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) were the most reported diseases in the OIE database. Classical swine fever (CSF) was the most reported pig disease in both databases. The retrieved literature on pig and poultry diseases was scarce and no longer up to date, providing decision makers with little information. The review identified important zoonotic diseases that require further studies yet failed to find information on important neglected diseases like leptospirosis.
ABSTRACT
Backyard poultry is evolving as a fast-growing sector in recent times across the world. Apart from providing nutritional security, and livelihood to marginalized sector, also fulfils the demand for organic and welfare meat and eggs. However, the productivity is often challenged by incidences of diseases due to poor biosecurity and lack of vaccination. In this study, systematic review and meta-analysis were performed on the global prevalence of infectious diseases in backyard chickens. A total of 22 bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal diseases were reported from 55 publications between 2000 and 2020 worldwide. Viral diseases were the most reported followed by bacterial and parasitic diseases. 61 out of 91 studies from 55 publications investigated seven major diseases: Avian influenza (AI), Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), Salmonella infection, and infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). The overall pooled prevalence estimate for all the diseases worldwide was 33% (95% confidence interval (CI): 28-38). The pooled estimates for most reported viral diseases AI and ND were 12.5% (95% CI: 7-18) and (30% CI: 19-43), respectively. IBD (71% CI: 13-100), MS (76% CI: 67-85) and helminth infestations (72% CI: 44-93) were the highly prevalent diseases among viral, bacterial and parasitic infections, respectively. The continent wise pooled prevalence ranged from 17 to 32%. The present results will help in devising the best possible strategies to minimize the disease risk for commercial poultry and humans as well as for improving the productivity of backyard poultry farming.
ABSTRACT
The results of the study of the antigenic properties are presented for an experimental sample of emulsified inactivated vaccine against Newcastle disease (ND) and avian infectious bronchitis (IB) supplemented with acrylic acid copolymer (CoAA) as an additional stimulator of the immunogenesis (ND + IB+ CoAA / AB-M4). Experiments with vaccinated chicks evidenced that the experimental inactivated vaccine induces a higher level of immune response compared to the emulsified inactivated vaccine against ND and IB (ND + IB / AB-M4) manufactured according to the standard method.
ABSTRACT
"Fuzheng Quxie" is an important theory of TCM related to prevention and cure of diseases. By enhancing the body immunity, Ganoderma (Lingzhi) indirectly inhibits the virus invasion, proliferation and destruction in the human body ("Fuzheng" means strengthening and consolidating body resistance). It can also directly inhibit and kill viruses ("Quxie" means dispelling evil). Lingzhi and its active components have antiviral effects on influenza virus, herpes virus, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Newcastle disease virus, dengue virus and enterovirus. Lingzhi preparations alone or with antiviral drugs can treat hepatitis B, herpes zoster, recurrent genital herpes, condyloma acuminatum, infectious mononucleosis of children, cervical papillomavirus infection and AIDS. In addition, the possibility of preventing and treating COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) with Lingzhi was discussed.
ABSTRACT
The antigenicity of three inactivated emulsified associated vaccines against viruses of chicken infectious bronchitis (IB), Newcastle disease (ND), and egg drop syndrome-76 (EDS-76) based on the oil adjuvant ISA-15 (O/W) was comparatively studied: (1) reference vaccine (IB+ND+EDS-76/ISA-15);(2) experimental vaccine (IB+NB+EDS-76/ISA-15-Nano) with a nanoscale-dispersed oil phase obtained by the use of a high-pressure homogenizer;(3) similar nano-scale vaccine (IB+NB+EDS-76+CoAA/ ISA-15-Nano) additionally supplemented with a copolymer of acrylic acid (CoAA). The in vivo tests of the vaccines on the chicks evidenced that both nano-scale vaccines enhanced the immune response in vaccinated chicks as compared to the reference vaccine and that supplementation with CoAA resulted in the highest postvaccinal antibody titers.
ABSTRACT
The incidence of infectious bronchitis (IB) in chickens has increased in Russian Federation during 2020- 2021 despite the widespread vaccination of the susceptible poultry. The effectiveness of vaccinations against IB virus and Newcastle disease can be significantly affected by vesicular enteritis (runting stunting syndrome) accompanied by malabsorption. The study presented demonstrated that virally induced malabsorption in broilers is accompanied by the synchronous decreases in the concentrations of magnesium and zinc in blood serum. Evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination by RT-PCR for the presence of IB viral RNA in the intestine at day 2 after the vaccination indicates a sharp decrease in the PCR prevalence in individuals with vesicular enteritis and allows for the exclusion of possible population-wide decrease in post-vaccination immunity. When considering biochemical parameters as markers of organopathologies the population-based approach to data analysis should be applied.
ABSTRACT
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an acute, highly contagious viral respiratory disease in poultry with huge economic impact and extremely difficult to control due to its multiple serotypes. The disease could be prevented by rapid diagnosis either molecular or serological test. However, the later test is inexpensive such as heamagglutination inhibition test (HI), but IBV fail to give Heamagglutination (HA) reaction without pretreatment. Therefore, we designed this study for preparation of IBV antigen by treating with different enzymes for HA reaction. IBV local isolates were characterized by SDS-PAGE and RT-PCR. The indigenous isolate HA antigens were treated with different proteolytic enzymes trypsin, neuraminidase and phospholipase C. The prepared antigen were stored at -86oC and used for HA test. All antigen prepared by different enzyme were found to give significant HA titer up to 7 log2 . During stability test antigen prepared by phospholipase C were found most stable up to six month by giving constant 7 log2 HA titer, while neuraminidase induced antigen were stable up to five months (7 log2). Trypsin treated antigen were readily lost its activity from 7 log2 to 2 log2 after two months of incubation. During specificity test all antigens showed specific effect on IBV by eliciting agglutination of RBCs while other avian viruses avian influenza (AI), new castle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) were not affected by enzymatic inductions. Therefore, the antigen prepared by phospholipase C has been found to be more effective for HI test for rapid diagnosis of IBV during infection.